tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7172765480004385682023-11-15T05:10:04.827-08:00Kimia Analisis Terpadu (An.Kuantitatif)Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-717276548000438568.post-46514156620590198832011-07-20T22:26:00.000-07:002011-07-29T21:34:06.898-07:00"Kadar Karbohidrat Dalam Mie Instan"<ul><li><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: blue;">Tujuan Penetapan</span></span></b> </li>
</ul>Mengetahui definisi Karbohidrat<br />
Mengetahui prosedur kerja penetapan Kadar Karbohidrat<br />
Mengetahui alat dan bahan yang di gunakan<br />
Mengetahui reaksi yang terjadi<br />
Mengetahui Kadar Karbohidrat dalam sampel Mie Instan.<br />
Prinsip Kerja :<br />
Contoh bereaksi dengan CuO berlebih, kelebihan CuO ditambahkan KI 30% dan H2SO4 25% kemudian dititar dengan larutan Na2S2O3 (Tio) 0,1N<br />
Reaksi :<br />
(C6H10O5)n + H2O n . C6H12O6<br />
C6H12O6 + 2CuO Cu2O + C5H11O5-COOH<br />
Sisa CuO + 2KI + H2SO4 CuI2 + K2SO4 + H2O<br />
. CuI2 Cu2I2 + I2<br />
I2 + 2Na2SO3 2NaI + Na2S4O6<br />
<ul style="color: blue;"><li><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Landasan Teori :</span></b></li>
</ul><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>K A R B O H I D R A T</b></span><br />
<br />
Karbohidrat adalah golongan senyawa organic yang terdiri atas unsure karbon,hydrogen dan oksigen. Pada umumnya karbohidrat memenuhi rumus empiric Cn(H2O)m dan itulah sebabnya golongan senyawa ini disebut karbohidrat yang berarti hidrat (karbon)/(hidrat arang). Karbohidrat adalah suatu polihidroksi aldehid atau polihidroksi keton, atau senyawa-senyawa yang dapat terhidrolisis menghasilkan senyawa seperti itu. Satu contoh Polihidroksi Aldehid ialah Glukosa, dan contoh Keton ialah Fruktosa.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>KLASIFIKASI KARBOHIDRAT</b></span><br />
Berdasarkan reaksi hidrolisisnya, karbohidrat dibedakan atas :<br />
Monosakarida<br />
Monosakarida ialah karbohidrat yang paling sederhana, tidak dapat lagi di hidrolisis menjadi karbohidrat yang lebih sederhana.<br />
Oligosakarida<br />
Oligosakarida ialah karbohidrat yang pada hidrolisis menghasilkan beberapa (2-10) molekul monosakarida. Yang terpenting dari golongan ini adalah disakarida yang dapat menghasilkan 2 molekul monosakarida.<br />
Polisakarida<br />
Polisakarida ialah karbohidrat yang dapat di hidrolisis membentuk banyak (>10) molekul monosakarida.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Monosakarida</b></span><br />
Berdasarkan jenis gugus fungsinya, monosakarida dibedakan atas Aldosa dan Ketosa. Aldosa ialah monosakarida yang mengandung gugus aldehid, sedangkan Ketosa ialah monosakarida yang mengandung gugus keton. Glukisa,galaktosa,manosa dan ribose tergolong Aldosa, sedangkan fruktosa tergolong Ketosa.<br />
Reaksi-reaksi Monosakarida :<br />
Reaksi Oksidasi<br />
Reaksi Mutarotasi<br />
Reaksi Reduksi<br />
Reaksi Pembentukan Ester.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Disakarida</b></span><br />
Disakarida terbentuk dari kondensasi dua molekul monosakarida, masing-masing menggunakan gugus OHuntuk membentuk jembatan oksigen dan membebaskan satu molekul air. Karena dalam molekul monosakarida terdapat banyak gugus OH maka pembentukan dapat terjadi menurut berbagai cara. Disakarida terpenting ialah Sukrosa(gula Tebu), maltosa(gula Malt) dan laktosa(gula Susu).<br />
Polisakarida <br />
Suatu sakarida yang setiap molekulnya terdiri dari ratusan bahkan ribuan monosakarida, merupakan hasil fotosintesa pada tanaman.<br />
6CO2 + 5n.H2O (C6H10O5)n.<br />
Dari system ikatan monosakaridanya mengakibatkan adanya polisakarida yang dapat dicerna oleh lambung, yaitu pati atau karbohidrat, dan polisakarida yang tidak dapat dicerna oleh lambung yaitu selulosa atau serat kasar.<br />
Karbohidrat ada yang bersifat pereduksi dan ada yang bersifat non pereduksi. Kedua sofat ini di karenakan adanya gugusan aldehid(pereduksi) dan gugusan Keton(non pereduksi). Ada 2 macam penetapan karbohidrat, yaitu :<br />
Cara Titrasi (cara Luff)<br />
Cara Spektrofotometri<br />
<br />
Prinsip kerja kedua cara ini adalah hidrolisis pati oleh asam menjadi gula pereduksi. Pada penetapan cara luff dipakai pereduksi garam Cu kompleks, dimana glukosa yang bersifat pereduksi akan mereduksi Cu2+ menjadi Cu+ atau CuO direduksi menjadi Cu2Oyang berwarna merah bata. Kemudian kelebihan Cu2O ditetapkan dengan cara iodometri. Dengan menetapkan blanko, maka ml tio yang dibutuhkan untuk menitar Cu2+ dapat diketahui.<br />
<br />
<ul style="color: blue;"><li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Alat & bahan :</b></span></li>
</ul><b>Alat :</b><br />
Erlenmeyer 300ml<br />
Pipet volume 25ml<br />
Buret asan 50ml<br />
Erlenmeyer asah 300ml<br />
Pendingin tegak<br />
Penangas air<br />
Gelas ukur 100ml<br />
Pipet Volume 10ml<br />
Labu ukur 250ml<br />
corong<br />
<b>Bahan :</b><br />
Mie Instan (sampel)<br />
H2SO4 1,25%<br />
H2SO4 25%<br />
NaOH 3,25%<br />
Indicator PP<br />
KI 30%<br />
Tio 0,0593<br />
Aquadest<br />
Larutan Luff<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Windows%207/Documents/erlenmeyer_flasks.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="320" src="file:///C:/Users/Windows%207/Documents/erlenmeyer_flasks.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<ul style="color: blue;"><li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Prosedur Kerja :</b></span></li>
</ul>Ditimbang 2,0026g sampel mie instan ke dalam Erlenmeyer 300ml<br />
Ditambahkan 25ml H2SO4 1,25%<br />
Erlenmeyer dihubungkan dengan pendingin tegak<br />
Di didihkan diatas penangas air selama ±1,5-2 jam<br />
Di dinginkan dan dimasukkan seluruhnya kedalam labu ukur 250ml<br />
Dinetralkan dengan NaOh 3,25% menggunakan indicator PP kemudian di tepatkan sampai tanda garis dan di saring<br />
Di pipet 10ml hasil saringan, kemudian dimasukkan kedalam Erlenmeyer asah, ditambahkan 25mllarutan luff dan 15nm aquadest<br />
Dididihkan memakai pendingin tegak selama 10menit<br />
Larutan didinginkan dan ditambahkan 10ml KI 30% dan 25ml H2SO4 25% melalui dinding Erlenmeyer<br />
Dititar dengan larutan Tio 0,0593N hingga titik akhir, sebagai penunjuk digunakan larutan kanji<br />
Blanko di tetapkan seperti diatas.<br />
<br />
<br />
<ul style="color: blue;"><li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Pengamatan :</b></span></li>
</ul>Data pengamatan :<br />
Bobot sampel : 2,0026 g<br />
PH larutan Contoh : 11<br />
Volume penitar (Contoh) : 26,70 ml<br />
PH larutan Blanko : 7<br />
Volume penitar (Blanko) : 34,40 ml<br />
<br />
Perhitungan : <br />
ml Tio = (Blanko-Contoh)/(0,1 N) x 0,0593 N<br />
=(34,50-26,70)/(0,1 N) x 0,0593 N<br />
<br />
= 4,56 ml<br />
<br />
a ■(4@4,56@5) b c ■(9,7@ x@12,2) d<br />
<br />
a/b = c/d = ((4,56-4))/(5-4) = (x-9,7)/(12,2-9,7)<br />
= ((0,56))/1 = (x-9,7)/(2,5)<br />
X – 9,7 = 1,4 + 9,7<br />
= 11.10 mg<br />
<br />
% Karbohidrat = (fp x mg Glukosa x f.k)/(mmg contoh) x 100%<br />
=(25/100 x 11,10 x 0,90)/(2002,6 mg) x 100%<br />
= 12,47 %<br />
<br />
<ul style="color: blue;"><li><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Kesimpulan :</span></b> </li>
</ul>Dari hasil pengamatan diatas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa : Kadar Karbohidrat dalam sampel Mie Instan adalah 12,47%<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="background-color: white; color: #351c75;"><i>Daftar pustaka : </i></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #351c75;"><i>Leri,Maria S.Si.M.Si. 2009. Kimia Organik. Makassar: Sekolah Menengah Analis Kimia (SMAK).</i></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #351c75;"><i>Ishaq, Arief dkk. 2010. Kimia Analisis Terpadu. Makassar: Sekolah Menengah Analis Kimia (SMAK).</i></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-717276548000438568.post-47042742347306022052011-07-20T22:19:00.003-07:002011-07-20T22:19:29.752-07:00Bilangan Penyabunan Dalam Minyak Kelapa</link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5<link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CWINDOW%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List">CWINDOW%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso" rel="Edit-Time-Data"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CWINDOW%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CWINDOW%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><b>1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Tujuan penetapan :<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 124.35pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Mengetahui definisi Bilangan Penyabunan</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 124.35pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Mengetahui prosedur kerja penetapan Bilangan Penyabunan</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 124.35pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Mengetahui alat dan bahan yang di gunakan</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 124.35pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Mengetahui reaksi yang terjadi</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 124.35pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Mengetahui bilangan penyabunan dalam sampel minyak kelapa.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><b>2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Prinsip Kerja :<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.35pt;">Contoh minyak kelapa di sabunkan dengan KOH-Alkohol berlebih. Kelebihan KOH di titar dengan HCl menggunakan Indikator PP.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><b>3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Reaksi :<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 265px; margin-top: 18px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251836416;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1066" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 262px; margin-top: 18px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251837440;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1067" width="2" /></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251780096;"><span style="height: 12px; left: -9px; position: absolute; top: -364442px; width: 2px;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1033" width="2" /></span></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251785216;"><span style="height: 2px; left: -562px; position: absolute; top: -2104px; width: 11px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1038" width="11" /></span></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251797504;"><span style="height: 2px; left: -317px; position: absolute; top: -2107px; width: 11px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1046" width="11" /></span></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251774976;"><span style="height: 13px; left: -6px; position: absolute; top: -2107px; width: 2px;"><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1028" width="2" /></span></span><span style="height: 24px; left: 0px; margin-left: 211px; margin-top: 60px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251807744;"><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1048" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 267px; margin-top: 41px; position: absolute; width: 11px; z-index: 251779072;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1032" width="11" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 249px; margin-top: 40px; position: absolute; width: 11px; z-index: 251777024;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1030" width="11" /></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251788288;"><span style="height: 12px; left: -1901px; position: absolute; top: -2113px; width: 3px;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1041" width="3" /></span></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251778048;"><span style="height: 13px; left: -161px; position: absolute; top: -2111px; width: 2px;"><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1031" width="2" /></span></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251772928;"><span style="height: 13px; left: -182px; position: absolute; top: -362731px; width: 2px;"><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="2" /></span></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251773952;"><span style="height: 7px; left: -174px; position: absolute; top: -2087px; width: 2px;"><img height="7" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1027" width="2" /></span></span><b> O<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 226px; margin-top: 10px; position: absolute; width: 11px; z-index: 251776000;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1029" width="11" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 407px; margin-top: 9px; position: absolute; width: 11px; z-index: 251824128;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1057" width="11" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 404px; margin-top: 71px; position: absolute; width: 11px; z-index: 251823104;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1056" width="11" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 475px; margin-top: 52px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251820032;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1053" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 472px; margin-top: 52px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251819008;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1052" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 456px; margin-top: 71px; position: absolute; width: 11px; z-index: 251817984;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1051" width="11" /></span><span style="height: 24px; left: 0px; margin-left: 394px; margin-top: 29px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251826176;"><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1059" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 23px; left: 0px; margin-left: 394px; margin-top: 93px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251825152;"><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1058" width="2" /></span><b> CH</b><b><span style="font-size: 7pt;">2</span> O C R</b><b><span style="font-size: 7pt;">1</span> CH</b><b><span style="font-size: 7pt;">2</span> OH<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 265px; margin-top: 21px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251791360;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1044" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 262px; margin-top: 21px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251783168;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1036" width="2" /></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251801600;"><span style="height: 12px; left: -15px; position: absolute; top: -365453px; width: 2px;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1047" width="2" /></span></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251786240;"><span style="height: 13px; left: -161px; position: absolute; top: -2111px; width: 2px;"><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1039" width="2" /></span></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251781120;"><span style="height: 13px; left: -182px; position: absolute; top: -362731px; width: 2px;"><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1034" width="2" /></span></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251782144;"><span style="height: 7px; left: -174px; position: absolute; top: -2087px; width: 2px;"><img height="7" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1035" width="2" /></span></span><b> O O<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 124.35pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 325px; margin-top: 5px; position: absolute; width: 38px; z-index: 251816960;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1050" width="38" /></span><span style="height: 23px; left: 0px; margin-left: 211px; margin-top: 30px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251835392;"><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1065" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 259px; margin-top: 52px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251832320;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1062" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 264px; margin-top: 72px; position: absolute; width: 10px; z-index: 251831296;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1061" width="10" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 262px; margin-top: 52px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251830272;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1060" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 268px; margin-top: 9px; position: absolute; width: 11px; z-index: 251787264;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1040" width="11" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 480px; margin-top: 9px; position: absolute; width: 11px; z-index: 251821056;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1054" width="11" /></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251784192;"><span style="height: 2px; left: -300px; position: absolute; top: -2113px; width: 11px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1037" width="11" /></span></span><b> CH O C R</b><b><span style="font-size: 7pt;">2</span> + KOH CH OH + R C OK<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in;"><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251794432;"><span style="height: 13px; left: -161px; position: absolute; top: -2111px; width: 2px;"><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1045" width="2" /></span></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251789312;"><span style="height: 13px; left: -182px; position: absolute; top: -362731px; width: 2px;"><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1042" width="2" /></span></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251790336;"><span style="height: 7px; left: -174px; position: absolute; top: -2087px; width: 2px;"><img height="7" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1043" width="2" /></span></span><b> O<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 116.7pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 245px; margin-top: 9px; position: absolute; width: 11px; z-index: 251834368;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1064" width="11" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 224px; margin-top: 9px; position: absolute; width: 11px; z-index: 251833344;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1063" width="11" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 407px; margin-top: 9px; position: absolute; width: 11px; z-index: 251822080;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1055" width="11" /></span><b>CH</b><b><span style="font-size: 7pt;">2</span> O C R</b><b><span style="font-size: 7pt;">3</span> CH</b><b><span style="font-size: 7pt;">2</span> OH<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 124.35pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 238px; margin-top: 6px; position: absolute; width: 38px; z-index: 251811840;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1049" width="38" /></span><b>KOH + HCl KCl + H</b><b><span style="font-size: 7pt;">2</span>O<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 113.4pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><b>4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Landasan Teori :<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: center;"><b>PENENTUAN SIFAT MINYAK<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.35pt;">Jenis minyak dapat dibedakan antara yang satu dengan yang lainnya berdasarkan sifat-sifatnya. Pengujian sifat-sifat minyak tersebut meliputi :</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 159.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Uji Penyabunan</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 159.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Uji ketidakjenuhan</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 159.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Uji kelarutan</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 159.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Uji Titik Cair,Indeks bias,bobot jenis dll.</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>PENENTUAN ANGKA PENYABUNAN<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.35pt;">Angka Penyabunan dapat dilakukan untuk menentukan berat molekul minyak dan lemak secara kasar. Minyak yang disusun asam lemak berantai <b><i><span style="color: red;">C</span></i></b> pendek berarti mempunyai berat molekul relative kecil, akan mempunyai angka penyabunan yang besar dan sebaliknya, minyak dengan berat molekul yang besar mempunyai angka penyabunan relative kecil.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.35pt;">Angka penyabunan dinyatakan sebagai banyaknya (mg) KOH yang dibutuhkan untuk menyabunkan satu gram (1 g) lemak atau minyak.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.35pt;">Alcohol yang ada pada koh berfungsi untuk melarutkan asam lemak hasil hidrolisa agar mempermudah reaksi dengan basa sehingga membentuk sabun.</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 106.35pt; text-align: center;"><b>DASAR-DASAR ANALISA MINYAK<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.35pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.35pt;">Senyawa minyak merupakan senyawa alami penting yang dapat dipelajari secara lebih mendalam, relative lebih mudah daripada senyawa-senyawa makronutrien yang lain. Prosedur-prosedur analisa minyak berkembang pesat, baik yang menggunakan peralatan yang sederhana maupun yang mutakhir. Kemudahan analisa tersebut dimumgkinkan antara lain karena :</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 142.35pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Molekul minyak relative lebih kecil dan kurang kompleks bila dibandingkan dengan molekul karbohidrat atau protein</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 142.35pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Molekul-molekul minyak dapat disintesa di laboratorium menurut kebutuhan, sedang molekul protein dan karbohidrat yang komplek misalnya : ligin, belum dapat.</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><b>5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Alat & bahan :<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 124.35pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b>Alat :<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Erlenmeyer 300ml</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Pipet volume 25ml</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Buret asan 50ml</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Pendingin tegak</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Penangas air</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Gelas ukur 100ml</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 124.35pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b>Bahan :<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Minyak kelapa (sampel)</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>KOH-Alkohol 0,5N</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>HCL 0,5N</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Indicator PP</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><b>6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Prosedur Kerja :<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Ditimbang 2,0136g sampel minyak kelapa ke dalam Erlenmeyer 300ml</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Ditambahkan 25ml KOH-Alkohol 0,5N</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Erlenmeyer dihubungkan dengan pendingin tegak</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Di didihkan diatas penangas air selama ±30 menit</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Di dinginkan dan dititar dengan HCl 0,6079N (0,5N) dengan PP sebagai indicator (<i>a</i> ml)</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Blanko dikerjakan seperti pada contoh diatas (<i>b</i> ml)</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><b>7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Pengamatan :<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 124.35pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b>Data pengamatan :<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 152.7pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Bobot sampel : 2,0136g</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 152.7pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Volume penitar (Contoh) : 5,40ml</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 152.7pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Volume penitar (Blanko) : 16,50ml</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 124.35pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b>Hasil pengamatan :<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 152.7pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Warna larutan sebelum penambahan indicator PP : Kuning<b><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 152.7pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Warna larutan setelah penambahan indicator PP : Merah<b><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 152.7pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Warna larutan setelah tercapai titik akhir : Kuning (merah hilang)<b><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 124.35pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><b>8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Perhitungan : <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"> <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; position: relative; top: 7.5pt;"><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="265" /></span><b><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; position: relative; top: 7.5pt;"><img height="38" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="242" /></span><b><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 106.35pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 106.35pt;"><span style="height: 14px; left: 0px; margin-left: 253px; margin-top: 20px; position: absolute; width: 115px; z-index: 251844608;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image027.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1069" width="115" /></span><span style="height: 14px; left: 0px; margin-left: 264px; margin-top: 23px; position: absolute; width: 100px; z-index: 251843584;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1068" width="100" /></span> = <span style="color: red;">187,9943 mg/g</span><u><o:p></o:p></u></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><b>9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Kesimpulan : <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 113.4pt;"><b>Dari hasil pengamatan diatas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa : <span style="color: red;">Bilangan Penyabunan</span> dalam sampel minyak kelapa adalah <span style="color: red;">187,9943 mg/g</span>.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.35pt;"><b><i>Daftar pustaka : <o:p></o:p></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 64.35pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Sudarmadji, slamet dkk. <i>Analisis bahan makanan dan pertanian. </i>Yogyakarta: Unv Gadjahmada.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 64.35pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Ishaq, Arief dkk. 2010. <i>Kimia Analisis Terpadu</i>. Makassar: Sekolah Menengah Analis Kimia (SMAK).</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1